i've just got a cute , sexy , sleek , pointy , kick ass hair cut .
now it's the 3 weeks torturous , tiring , un-kawaii and not kick ass course .
fufufufu .

now it's 3 weeks horror .

this is it .
busy from 20th .
gg .

when's the last time i posted ?
firstly , exams are about to end !
sad part is , my com is fried .
so the whole holiday i can only survive on sis com .
and i am damn cashless and broke now .
and i can't get job yet , because of some other things .
how ah ? any sponsors around ?
ystd still wasted some $ , on battery !
thanks ah jolene , then i had to owe her $2 .
wanted to sleep like a log today , but i only managed till 9am .
i wish i can sleep long like some people .
i realised jolenes can sleep damn long , my sis still sleeping .
going prata later !
then study .
byeeeeeee !

ps . jolene is fat .

2 subs done !

english was moderate ?

copied 3/4 of my compo on the question paper .

got time i type here .

lols .

el paper 2 was a breeze .

same goes for math p1

math p2 was average , just your common maths paper .

I love SS (:

Straight from my brain , and using safari as browser .

Leaders of Venice

Doge Pietro Ziani (Doge from 1205 - 1229)

His strategy was to expand trade through conquest . He helped to ensure that venice gain control of important territories in the mediterranean sea . These include Crete and Corfu .

There territories were important as they allowed the Venetians great galleys to get new supplies without paying higher taxes in foreign controlled territories .

Doge Enrico Dandolo

In the 12th Century , DED took charge of the 4th crusades under the command of the pope , who was the head of the western christian world then . The crusaders were supposed to attack jerusalem , but DED convinced the Crusaders to change their plan and attack Venice's rival , Constantinople , which was the capital of the Byzantine Empire . Constantinople was captured and sacked in 1204 . This decision by Dandolo to invade Constantinople was a turning point in Venice's history , as it weakened Constantinople and helped Venice rise further and Venice now controlled some Byzantine territories important for trade .

Antonio Grimani

By the 15th century , the nobles of Venice regarded their office as a matter of personal glory , rather than as service to the state . Thus , many nobles who were previously scholars competed to serve as naval commanders in the wars against the ottomans , even though they lack adequate naval expertise and military experience . In the 15th century , 2 captain generals of the navy were appointed to lead the navy against the powerful ottomans . Although they have done a good job previously as an ambassador and financier respectively , they lacked military skills . As a result , Venice suffered heavy losses in its battles against the Ottomans.

Changing Economic Conditions

Rise of Venice

As Venice grew into a major business centre , more and more traders came to Venice . Businessmen found that they needed to carry large amount of money and in different currencies . This was very inconvenient for the traders . To solve this problem , Venetians used giro banking . Giro banking means the buyer give permission to the bank to transfer money to the seller's bank account . Thus , there was no need to pass money directly from the buyer to the seller . This made it easier for traders to do business in Venice . They could carry out several transaction in a day if they had enough money in their bank . As a result , many foreign traders came to Venice to enjoy the convenience and efficiency of Venice's trade related services .

Fall of Venice

In 1497 , the portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama successfully reached india by going round the cape of good hope . As a result , the portuguese were able to buy their spices directly from india . Although the discovery of the new trade route resulted in the loss of Venice's trade monopoly with the east . In the long term , Venice prospered from it because Venice took advantage of the growth of cities such as Lisbon in Portugal by being their main supplier for Mediterranean goods such as wines and raisins and Venice expanded its trade to the north sea region and maintained trade links with England .

In the 17th Century , Venice faced greater competition from new trade rivals . They included the Dutch and British East India Companies . These 2 companies were successful in getting favourable trading rights in new ports because they came from large states , Britain and Holland , which had lots of power . As a result , traders from these 2 companies were able to sell their products at a cheaper price than the Venetians traders . The Venetians responded to this challenge by introducing a protectionist trade policy . This means that they imposed higher taxes on foreign traders in Venice . This helps the Venetian government to raise more revenue . However , it also means that it would be more expensive for foreign traders to sell their goods in Venice . As a result , fewer foreign traders came to Venice to trade .

Discovery of new sea route

In 1497 , the portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama successfully reached india , by going round the cape of good hope . As the result , the portuguese were able to buy their spices directly from india . In the short term , the new sea route destroyed Venice's monopoly of lucrative spice trade and greatly reduced the large profits the Venetian traders had earned for centuries but in the long term , Venice prospered from it because Venice took advantage of the growth of cities such as Lisbon in Portugal by being their main supplier for Mediterranean goods such as wine and raisins and Venice expanded its trade to the North Sea Region and maintained trade links with England .

Military Defeats

By the start of the 16th century , large European states like France and Spain felt that Venice was gaining too much power and control over Northern Italy . They wanted to recapture the Venetian territories . In 1508 , a military group against Venice known as the league of Cambrai was formed . It consisted of most major powers in Europe such as Spain , Hungary and France . The league aimed to reduce the power of Venice and divide its territories amongst the larger states . In one of the battles at Agnadello , the Venetian mercenary army was badly defeated . The wars with the league of cambrai were also very expensive of Venice . Thus , Venice was weakened by the wars with the league of cambrai .

From around the 13th century , the muslim ottoman empire began expanding its influence from the middle east into europe . By the 15th century , the Ottomans had replaced Genoa as Venice's greatest competitor for maritime control . The ottomans started a 7 year war with the Venetians in 1423 , for control of the Aegian Sea and the Adriatic Sea . There were 2 more periods of war between the Ottomans and the Venetians in the 15th century . These wars drained Venice's resources and manpower . They also disrupted Venice's trade because Venice had to use its galleys or ships , which could be used for trading purposes , to fight off attacks by the Ottomans . In 1470 , Venice lost negroponte , one of its most important Eastern trade outpost in the Mediterranean to the Ottomans .

By the 15th Century , the nobles of Venice regarded their office as a matter of personal glory rather than as service to the state . Thus , many nobles who were previously scholars competed to serve as naval commanders in the war against the Ottomans even though they lacked adequate naval expertise and military experience . In the 15th century , 2 captain generals of the navy , nicolo da canal and antonio grimani were appointed to lead the navy against the powerful ottomans . Although they had done a good job previously as an ambassador and financier respectively , they lacked military skills . As a result , Venice suffered heavy losses in its battles against the Ottomans .

Striking a balance

From the 5th century , Venice has established good terms with the Germanic Tribes who had set up kingdoms on the Italian Peninsula . At the same time , Venice supported the Byzantine Empire . Both the Byzantine Emperor and Germanic King were fierce rivals . Because Venice was friends with both rival group . Venice could serve as the middleman for Eastern products which were sold to countries in Europe .

Throughout the 15th century , the Venetians tried to strike a balance of power with the Ottomans and their European neighbours . The Venetians supported the European states in their military battles with the Ottoman Empire . However , they were also willing to give trading benefits to the Ottomans , whenever it could help them made money . This action eventually caused its European neighbours to develop a deep dislike for Venice . They felt that Venice was not totally on their side and that they were being used by Venice . Thus , when the Europeans decided to launch a military campaign against the Ottomans in 1463 . They left Venice to fight for their own against the Ottomans . They did not provide Venice with the military support as promised . As a result , in 1470 , Venice lost Negroponte , one of its most important Eastern trade outpost in the Mediterranean to the Ottomans .

Mercenary Armies

Mercenaries are soldiers employed to fight in wars . They do not take sides and are willing to work for anyone willing to pay for their services . During the middle ages , it was a common practise for states to employ foreign professional soldiers to fight their battles with enemy states . For example , Venice employed mercenaries from France and Holland to help fight its wars with Genoa and the Ottomans Empire.

Positive impact

By employing mercenaries, Venice had an army that was large enough to control some of the mainland territories like Verona. These countries had all along been supplying Venice with essential resources such as food and water. By taking over these territories, with the help of a mercenary army, Venice was able to secure and maintain its supply of resources for its growing population and expanding industries.

Negative impact

Some of there paid soldiers did not remain loyal to Venice as they could always be offered better salaries by other states. In 1615, Venice employed mercenaries of many nationalities such as Dutch, English and French, to fight in the war of Gradisca. In 1619 , following the end of the war, a large number of French mercenaries plotted within Venice to seize the Ducal palace and kill the senate members. They also planned to rob the noble's palace. Although the plan was discovered by the council of ten, it showed that Venice could no longer fully trust the mercenary army

shit ! room is damn dusty.

but still , can't be compared to zippy's room -.-

you will be like breathing air and choking on dust at the same time in his room .

SS madness for the whole week , and going on .

done with english , math , science .

left dnt and humanities !

anyone wanna study tmr ?

school has ended !
study leave ,
sleeping madness starts on sat !
study madness on monday !
K is for kelapa .

Finally 16
every 23 febuary.
an orchid parker.
ngjh31@hotmail.com
& i'm worth$1,999,948?
other's prefered ?click here .
see ngjh31 anywhere?
if you do, it's me :D
my BESTIE has a big head.
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